Structural changes in the brain may explain the persistent fatigue and neuropsychiatric complications associated with long COVID, finds an observational study published yesterday in eClinicalMedicine.

Universitatsmedizin Berlin researchers in Germany enrolled 47 adults aged 18 to 69 years who had moderate to severe fatigue and visited post-COVID neurologic outpatient clinics from Apr 15 to Nov 30, 2021; 83% were women. They were compared with 47 uninfected control patients and 47 multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue. The average age of all participants was 43 to 44 years.

The team conducted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychiatric and cognitive testing at a median of 7.5 months after COVID-19 infection.

Poor sleep quality, depression

MRI revealed abnormal structural changes in the thalamus, the part of the brain responsible for relaying motor and sensory signals and regulating sleep and wakefulness. The changes have been correlated with physical fatigue severity, fatigue-related daily functional impairment, and daytime sleepiness, the authors noted.

The shape deformations and reduced volumes of the thalamus and other areas of the brain overlapped with the changes seen in the MS patients and were tied to impaired short-term memory.

Poor sleep quality and depression—but not fatigue—were tied to infection severity and co-occurred with heightened anxiety and daytime sleepiness.

We provide an insight into the brain changes related to post-COVID syndrome.

"By showing that the subjective symptom of fatigue has an underlying structural correlate in the brain, we provide an insight into the brain changes related to post-COVID syndrome and report a potential longitudinal biomarker for recovery," the researchers wrote. "In the context of further increasing numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, a precise characterisation of post-COVID fatigue is a prerequisite to understand the involved pathomechanisms and improve patient care."

The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) added 10 more H5N1 avian flu detections in mammals to its running list, which adds reports from four states and includes five different species.

Seven of the detections were in Colorado, where the virus was found in three mountain lions, a bobcat, two red fox, and a black bear.

Kansas and Oregon both reported detections in striped skunks, and North Carolina reported a detection in a black bear.

The new H5N1-positive samples bring the number of known US detections in mammals to 131.

Health officials are closely monitoring continuing reports of H5N1 spillovers to mammals, which have been reported from the Americas and Europe. The Eurasian H5N1 clade currently hitting birds and poultry in multiple world regions has a mutation that makes it more recognizable to mammal airway cells, including humans.

Human infections have been rare and have occurred in people who had close contact with poultry. Of the handful of cases that have been reported, some were severe or fatal, with others thought to represent environmental contamination rather than true infections.

Six Democratic House legislators have sent a letter to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Commissioner Robert Califf, MD, asking the agency to take further action on the recent shortage of over-the-counter children's medications for cold and flu, The Hill reports.

Amid an early flu and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season in the United States, parents had scrambled to find pain- and fever-relievers such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen for their children. In early February, the FDA released guidelines allowing the compounding of certain oral ibuprofen formulations for hospitals and healthcare systems.

The lawmakers said that while the shortages have eased, supplies haven't been completely replenished. "Despite round-the-clock efforts from manufacturers, demand for these medicines is outpacing supply," they wrote.

The letter signers are Reps. Ro Khanna, Barbara Lee, and Sara Jacobs, all of California; Troy Carter of Louisiana; Bennie Thompson of Mississippi; and Jamaal Bowman of New York.

Despite round-the-clock efforts from manufacturers, demand for these medicines is outpacing supply.

The group proposed three steps that could help alleviate the shortage: giving pharmacists guidance on alternatives to pediatric formulations of ibuprofen and acetaminophen, promoting greater transparency from drug manufacturers about supply locations and demand, and communicating to healthcare providers and parents quickly about the shortage.