Previous Zika infection tied to increased risk of infection with some dengue virus subtypes

News brief
Topics
Zika
Dengue
Zika virus
Aunt_Spray / iStock

Primary Zika virus (ZIKV) infection raised the risk of disease caused by the dengue virus (DENV) 3 serotype and DENV4—but not DENV1—in a cohort of Nicaraguan children, a finding that held true for those infected with DENV before ZIKV but not for those infected with ZIKV before DENV, according to a new study in Science Translational Medicine.

Scientists at the Sustainable Sciences Institute in Managua, Nicaragua, and their US colleagues assessed how previous DENV and ZIKV immunity influences the risk of severe dengue among 3,412 participants in 2022, when all four DENV serotypes circulated in the country. The team analyzed longitudinal clinical and serologic data to define infection histories and used models and repeat measurements to predict risk.

"Infection with any of the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1–4) can protect against or enhance subsequent dengue depending on preexisting antibodies and infecting serotype," the study authors wrote. "Additionally, primary infection with the related flavivirus Zika virus (ZIKV) is associated with increased risk of DENV2 disease."

ZIKV and DENV are orthoflaviviruses, a genus that also includes viruses such as those that cause West Nile disease, tickborne encephalitis, and yellow fever.

Consideration of cross-reactivity in testing vaccines

Of the 3,412 children, 10.6% contracted dengue caused by the DENV1 serotype (139 patients), DENV4 (133), DENV3 (54), DENV2 (9), or an undetermined serotype (39).

We thus find that prior ZIKV infection, like prior DENV infection, is associated with increased risk of disease with certain DENV serotypes.

Compared with no previous infection with an orthoflavirus, primary ZIKV infection was tied to an increased risk of DENV4 (relative risk [RR], 2.62) and DENV3 (RR, 2.90) disease but not DENV1. Primary DENV infection or DENV followed by ZIKV infection was also linked to an elevated risk of DENV4 infection.

By reanalyzing 19 years of cohort data, the team showed that previous orthoflavivirus immunity and antibody concentration had distinct ties to infection risk, depending on infecting serotype. "We thus find that prior ZIKV infection, like prior DENV infection, is associated with increased risk of disease with certain DENV serotypes," the researchers concluded. "Cross-reactivity among flaviviruses should be considered when assessing vaccine safety and efficacy."

Report describes emerging sexually transmitted fungal infection

News brief
Topics
Fungal Infection
Ringworm rash
phanasitti / iStock

A case report published today in JAMA Dermatology highlights concerns about a sexually transmitted fungal infection that belongs to a family of skin infections that are emerging in the United States.

The report describes a New York man in his 30s who developed tinea (ringworm) on his groin, genitalia, arms, and legs following travel in Europe (England and Greece) and California. The man reported multiple male sex partners while traveling, none of whom had similar manifestations, and visited a sauna before developing lesions. After a skin biopsy demonstrated dermatophytosis, the man was treated with the antifungal fluconazole weekly for 4 weeks with no response.

Sequencing of fungal samples from the lesions revealed the infection was caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII (TMVII), a sexually transmitted fungus that's been reported in patients who had contact with commercial sex workers in Southeast Asia and appears to be circulating locally among men who have sex with men in Europe. 

The patient was treated with terbinafine for 6 weeks, with improvement, then transitioned to itraconazole for persistent infection.

Dermatologists should be on alert

"Healthcare providers should be aware that Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII is the latest in a group of severe skin infections to have now reached the United States," lead study author Avrom Caplan, MD, a dermatologist at New York University Grossman School of Medicine, said in a university press release.

A report published in the same journal in May described 11 tinea cases in New York that were caused byTrichophyton indotinea, linked to travel to Southeast Asia, and resistant to first-line antifungals. 

Healthcare providers should be aware that Trichophyton mentagrophytes type VII is the latest in a group of severe skin infections to have now reached the United States.

Caplan and his co-authors say that while the number of cases is small, dermatologists should be on the alert for signs of TMVII and T indotinea.

"Since patients are often reluctant to discuss genital problems, physicians need to directly ask about rashes around the groin and buttocks, especially for those who are sexually active, have recently traveled abroad, and report itchy areas elsewhere on the body," said senior study author John Zampella, MD.

CDC: US TB programs are making progress in preventing spread

News brief
Topics
Tuberculosis
Chest x-ray showing TB
stockdevil / iStock

A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests US tuberculosis (TB) programs have made strides in identifying patients with TB and latent TB infection (LTBI) and in ensuring they complete treatment in a timely manner.

The report, published today in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, examined the most recent 5 years of data from the National TB Indicators Project, a web-based performance monitoring tool that tracks the performance of state- and city-level TB programs. To assess TB control efforts, CDC researchers examined overall TB incidence in the United States, TB incidence among non—US-born persons, percentage of people with drug susceptibility results reported, percentage of contacts to sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear-positive cases who completed treatment for LTBI, and percentage of patients who completed TB therapy in 12 months.

Declines in overall incidence

From 2018 to 2022, overall TB incidence decreased in 37 of 52 jurisdictions (71.2%), and the incidence of TB among non–US-born persons decreased in 26 of 51 jurisdictions (51%). From 2017 to 2012, the relative change in the percentage of contacts to patients with new diagnosis of LTBI who completed treatment increased in 29 of 52 jurisdictions (55.8%). From 2016 to 2020, the average percentage of patients who completed TB therapy was at or above the national average of 89.7% in 32 of 52 jurisdictions (61.5%).

Although more than half of jurisdictions (53.9%) met or exceeded the 5-year national average of 97% of persons having initial drug susceptibility tests reported from 2018 to 2022, only 23.1% saw an increase in relative change during the period.

"The findings in this report indicate that most TB programs have indicated improvement in reducing TB incidence and increasing the percentage of contacts with LTBI who complete treatment," the authors wrote. "These activities are critical in preventing the spread of TB."

The authors add that TB programs can use the report to monitor progress of TB prevention and control activities and determine where improvements can be made.

This week's top reads

  1. DR Congo probes outbreak of deadly, mysterious flu-like illness

    The main symptoms are fever, headache, runny nose, breathing problems, and anemia.

    Stephanie Soucheray

  2. Lab results expected soon in DR Congo's mystery outbreak

    Children younger than 5 years are the most affected group and account for the largest portion of deaths.

    Lisa Schnirring
    African girl doctor check

  3. Initial samples in DR Congo unexplained outbreak positive for malaria

    Of 12 samples, 10 were malaria-positive, but officials continue to investigate other contributing factors.

    Lisa Schnirring
    malaria infected rbc

  4. Officials continue probe on DR Congo mystery illness

    31 people have died and 406 people have been sickened by the illness, which causes fever, headache, cough, runny nose, and body aches.

    Stephanie Soucheray
    dec health

  5. WHO deploys expert team to DR Congo to assist with undiagnosed outbreak probe

    As DRC officials await test results, WHO experts are also bringing medicine and test equipment to help local responders.

    Lisa Schnirring
    PCR test

  6. California reports H5N1 in more retail raw milk as virus infects 2 more dairy workers

    Meanwhile, federal officials confirmed more detections on California dairy farms and at commercial poultry farms in 6 states.

    Lisa Schnirring
    bulk milk tank

  7. Arizona confirms 2 avian flu infections as California probes second potential case in a child

    Arizona's patients were exposed to sick poultry at a large commercial farm in Pinal County.

    Lisa Schnirring
    layer farm worker

  8. Ferret study suggests connection between H5N1 shedding in air and transmissibility

    The authors say it's crucial to better understand how the virus is spreading, amid the ongoing risk of exposure to farm workers and transmission among animal species.

    Lisa Schnirring

  9. Almost a third of preteens, teens with long COVID still not recovered at 2 years, study shows

    Those who reported COVID reinfections during the study period had the most symptoms through 24 months. 

    Stephanie Soucheray
    teen with long covid

  10. Avian flu infects another California dairy worker as more raw milk positives prompt wider recall

    State health officials said multiple positive results in recent days came from Raw Farm's retail milk, its storage tanks, and its bottling facility.

    Lisa Schnirring
    milk bottling